→ See also: Citing Etiquette
Citing is the evidence base of your argument. Every claim that relies on external information — so not your own data or logical deduction — needs a citation. How you use citations determines whether readers agree with your reasoning.
Audience: When writing for experts (specialised journal) in your field may not need citations for familiar concepts, while a broader audience will appreciate more guidance.
Familiarity vs. novelty:
- Well-established facts in your field: 1 citation (or none for standard knowledge)
- New or niche concepts: 3–5 citations
- Controversial claims: Cite all relevant literature to map the disagreement
Avoid overload: Excessive citations (10+ for simple points) can make you sound unsure of your own ideas.
Tip
Include a mix of older and newer references to show that you know both the history and the current state of the field.
Avoid predatory journals
Choose sources that are as trustworthy and relevant as possible. If in doubt, check the journal’s reputation carefully. Not all journals have a good peer-review protocol in place.